Unit-7 Our Past | Social Studies Class 10 Guide Book

Unit-7 Our Past, Social Studies Class 10 Guide Book contains all complete exercises and notes. This will help the students in doing homeworks and exam preparation as well.

Unit:-7, Lesson:-1 Revolution of 2007 and Delhi agreement

Unit-7 Lesson-1

Revolution of 2007 and Delhi Agreement

A.  Very short answer question:

1.  What was Delhi agreement and when was it signed?

Ans:- The agreement which was made or signed between Ranas, king Tribhuvan and Nepali Congress in Delhi was Delhi agreement. It was signed on 1st Falgun, 2007 BS.

2.  Who opposed the Delhi agreement and why?

Ans:- Dr. K.I Singh opposed the Delhi agreement because he wanted to continue the revolution and didn’t want any presence of Ranas in government after the introduction of democracy.

3.  What do you understand by “Hukumi” rule?

Ans:- The ruling system based Ranas in which citizens are not given any rights and where exploited for Ranas personal users known as Hukumi rule.

4.  Was the act of filing case of treason against Dr. K. I. Singh right? Why?

Ans:- No, the act of filing case of treason against Dr. K.i. Singh was not right because he was doing the movement  to end Rana rule which was people’s desire.

5.  How did the establishment of political parties in Nepal help in gaining democracy?

Ans:- The establishment of political parties in Nepal help in gaining democracy by widening the Anti- Rana feeling in common People.

B.  Short answer question:

1.  Describe the causes of the revolution of 2007BS and mention its consequences.

Ans:- The causes of the revolution of 2007 B.S are described below:

i)  Injustice and suppressive rule of:- people completely deprived of their rights but the Rana rulers and their families were enjoying unlimited power and authority. Common people were not getting justice. This situation compelled the people to lunch revolution for their rights and justice.

ii)  Poverty and unemployment:- majority of people were under poverty line. Traditional agriculture was not enough to sustain life. The industries and factories were not enough to provide employment educational institution were not good to provide technical and vocational education.at the same time, high ranking government posts were reserved only for Ranas. There was no option expect launching revolution against injustice and deprivation.

iii)  World war 2 and worldwide spread of democracy:- after the end of world war2 the wave of democracy and independence movement spread all over the world. The Nepalese soldiers who return from world war2 jointed liberation army of Nepali Congress. The Nepalese student who were in India for their higher study and participated in Indian war for independence also returned to Nepal to fight against Rana rule.

iv)  Increase in political consciousness in Nepal:- along with the rise of political consciousness, common people also joined in different political parties and movement. Some people had witnessed the democratic movements in other countries like India, educational awareness was also increasing gradually in people.  Those factors too led the people to fight for democracy.

v)  Internal class among Ranas:- These was no unity among the Ranas Chandra Shamsher divided the Ranas into ‘a’, ‘b’ and ‘c’ classes. ‘c’ classes were not included in the role of succession. So they also joined in Anti-Rana movements.

2.  One of the provisions of Delhi agreement was “Election of constituent assembly to be held to draft a new constitution”. But it could not be fulfilled before 2072 B.S? Why?

Ans:- Following are the reasons for above statement:-

i)  Frequent change of government every year due to political instability.

ii)  Unable to make consensus and unity among parties.

iii)  Direct interference of the foreigners in the internal affairs of politics of Nepal.

iv)  Political parties focus on their parties and personal benefit rather than people.

3.  How do you evaluate the Delhi agreement of 2007 B.S?

Ans:- The agreement which was signed between Ranas king Tribhuwan and Nepali  Congress in Delhi on 1st Falgun 2007 B.S is known as Delhi agreement. This agreement helped in the establishment of democracy in Nepal. After this agreement Nepali Congress agreed to stop the movement. The development in sector of education, culture and literature started. People became aware about their rights and duties and they were escaped from darkness.” interim government act of Nepal 2007″ Constitution was promulgated for first time in Nepal.

Delhi agreement really helped in all round development of Nepal and its citizens. Nepal started to made relation with many other countries. people participation started In development work and Hukumi rule was ended after Delhi agreement. Political parties I.e. Nepali Congress and king Tribhuvan played an important role to established democracy in Nepal.

4.  What were the major provisions of the Delhi agreement?

Ans:- The major provision of the Delhi agreement are listed below:

i)  Elections of Constitution assembly to be help to draft a new Constitution.

ii)  An interim coalition cabinet with ten members to be formed including 5members from nepali Congress and 5 members from Ranas.

iii)  All the power exercised by in ”Shree 3” to be delivered to the king and the king Tribhuvan to be the legitimate king of Nepal.

iv)  Political prisoners, except those who are charged of criminal case, to set free without any conditions.

v)  Agitators to hand over their weapons to the government and stop the movement.

5.  Evaluate the role of king Tribhuvan in the establishment of democracy.

Ans:- The role of king Tribhuvan in the establishment of democracy are listed below:

i)  King Tribhuvan gambled his crown against the Rana regime for sake of democracy.

ii)  He helped to establish Nepali Congress and Nepali Communist party to remove Rana autocracy.

iii)  He also supported these two parties financially and helped them to raise their voice against Rana.

iv)  He supported the movement and also to support Indian embassy.

C.  Long answer question:

1.  Describe the causes of the revolution of 2007BS and mention its consequences.

Ans:- The causes of the revolution of 2007 B.S are described below:

i)  Injustice and suppressive rule of:- people completely deprived of their rights but the Rana rulers and their families were enjoying unlimited power and authority. Common people were not getting justice. This situation compelled the people to lunch revolution for their rights and justice.

ii)  Poverty and unemployment:- majority of people were under poverty line. Traditional agriculture was not enough to sustain life. The industries and factories were not enough to provide employment educational institution were not good to provide technical and vocational education.at the same time, high ranking government posts were reserved only for Ranas. There was no option expect launching revolution against injustice and deprivation.

iii)  World war 2 and worldwide spread of democracy:- after the end of world war2 the wave of democracy and independence movement spread all over the world. The Nepalese soldiers who return from world war2 jointed liberation army of Nepali Congress. The Nepalese student who were in India for their higher study and participated in Indian war for independence also returned to Nepal to fight against Rana rule.

iv)  Increase in political consciousness in Nepal:- along with the rise of political consciousness, common people also joined in different political parties and movement. Some people had witnessed the democratic movements in other countries like India, educational awareness was also increasing gradually in people.  Those factors too led the people to fight for democracy.

v)  Internal class among Ranas:- These was no unity among the Ranas Chandra Shamsher divided the Ranas into ‘a’, ‘b’ and ‘c’ classes. ‘c’ classes were not included in the role of succession. So they also joined in Anti-Rana movements.

The consequences of revolution 2007 are listed below:

i)  Foundation of democracy practice.

ii)  Increase in public awareness.

iii)  Exploration of Nepal in international area.

iv)  Participation of people in developmental works.

v)  Beginning of constitutional process.

Unit:-7, Lesson:-2 A Decade of Democratic Politics (2007-2017 BS)

Unit-7 Lesson-2

A Decade of Democratic Politics (2007-2017 BS)

A.  Very short answer questions:

1.  Why was Dr. K.I Singh called from the banished life and appointed as the prime minister of Nepal?

Ans:- Dr. K. l. Singh was called from the banished life and appointed as the prime minister of Nepal because he played an important role for Revolution against autocratic Rana rule of Nepal.

2.  What is the general election? Why is it different than election of the constituent assembly?

Ans:- An election usually held at regular intervals in which candidates are elected in all or most members of given political body are chosen is called general election.

3.  What do you mean by advisory government? Write the major feature of this government?

Ans:- The government of 5 members established by king Tribhuvan with intention of direct rule is called advisory government.

The major feature of this government is to be responsible to the king and the approval of the king, to be compulsory for the decision of the meeting and its implementation.

B.  Short answer questions:

1.  Write any two main features of “Interim government act 2007” and the Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 2015.

Ans:- Any two main features of “interim government act 2007” and the constitution of the kingdom of Nepal 2015 are listed below:-

Interim government act, 2007.

i)  Provision of Supreme Court and high court.

ii)  The executive power to remain in the king and council of ministers.

Constitution of kingdom of   Nepal, 2015

i)  The sovereignty vested in the king.

ii)  Provision of bicameral parliament including the king. Mahasabha and house of representative.

2.  ho was Bhimdutta Panta? Why did he revolt? Present his contribution.

Ans:- Bhimdutta was the commanders of the people’s liberation Army and farmer martyr. He rib halt to eliminate feudalism, caste based discrimination and oppression of farmers. He was mainly revolting for land ownership, welfare of the people and security.

Unit:-7, Lesson:-3 Abduction of Democracy and Ban on Political Parties

Unit-7 Lesson-3

Abduction of Democracy and Ban on Political Parties

A.  Very Short Answer Questions

1.  When was the first general election of Parliament held? What was its result?

Ans:- The first general election of Parliament was held in 7th falgun 2015 BS. The result of this election was Nepali Congress got the majority and formed the government B.P. Koirala became the first elected prime minister.

2.  In which date did king Mahendra declare the panchayat system?

Ans:- King Mahendra declared the Panchayat system on 22nd Paush 2017 BS.

3.  Why is 1st paush 2017 BS regarded as the Black Day?

Ans:- 1st paush 2017 is regarded as the Black Day because democracy came to an end on this day and people lost their rights and freedoms.

B.  Short Answer Questions

1.  “King Mahendra was an ambitious king.” Present your logics in favor of this statement.

Ans:- King Mahendra was an ambitious king because of the following reasons:

i)  He wanted to exercise unlimited power by himself.

ii)  He was not in favor of democracy.

iii)  He did not like to give freedom to political parties.

iv)  He was the supporter of autocratic rule of single person.

The above reasons prove that he was an ambitious king.

2.  Prepare an article for a newspaper on the changes seen in the field of education, health and employment after the implementation of 5 years planning since 2013 BS till at present.

Ans:- Mata

3.  What were the objectives of the prohibition on political parties made by the king?

Ans:- The objectives of the prohibition on political parties made by the king were:

i)  The misery, sorrow and obstacles of people remain unchanged.

ii)  Government was unable to solve the problems of the people.

iii)  Failed to maintain law and order.

iv)  National unity and sovereignty of the country were danger.

v)  Increase in corruption

vi)  The leaders were more interested for party and personal matter rather than National matter.

vii)  International relation destroyed.

viii)  Increase in political instability.

4.  The pace of development was slow between 2007 to 2017 BS. Why? Give reasons.

Ans:- The pace of development was slow between 2007 to 2017 because of the following reasons:

i)  Increase in corruption.

ii)  Political instability.

iii)  Frequent change of government.

iv)  Unable to participate people in development.

v)  Lack of skilled manpower for development.

vi)  Due to poor economy.

vii)  Lack of proper planning of government.

5.  Prepare a dialogue between two friends on the achievement obtained in education field during 2007-2017 BS.

Ans:- Here is a short conversation between Khushi and Siya on the shipment obtained in education field during 2007-2017 BS.

Khushi : Hi! Siya! What are you doing?

Siya     : Hello, Khushi! I am reading a Nepalese history book.

Khushi : Oh! A history book. On what topic then?

Siya     : It’s about the condition of education between 2007 to 2017 BS.

Khushi : can you tell me about it in brief?

Siya     : Ok, listen! Before 2007, schools and colleges where are not established in large number as there was Ranarchy in Nepal. Education was banned for public during Rana rule. After the revolution of 2007, democracy was introduced in Nepal. Along with this, the wave of establishment of schools and colleges started. English education was given priority. Tribhuvan University was established in in 2016 BS. It is the great achievement in educational field. Children of common people also got the opportunity to get education easily.

Khushi : There were a lots of changes in education after democracy in Nepal. Isn’t it?

Siya     : Yes. It seems that way.

Khusi   : Thank you Siya for your information.

Siya     : You’re welcome Khushi.

6.  What is Birta abolition? Why was it felt necessary at that time?

Ans:- The legal provision of 2016 BS which banned the distribution of the land to people by government is Birta abolition. It was felt necessary at that time because:

i)  To have more land area in comparison to population.

ii)  Lack of money to provide salary to civil servants.

iii)  To end unequal distribution of land.

iv)  To utilize unused land for cultivation.

B.  Long Answer Questions  

1.  Mention the socio-economic achievements of 2007 to 2017 BS and write its effects in Nepalese society.

Ans:- Through the period of 2007 to 2017 BS was full of political instability and tremulous, many important changes took place in the country. The constitutional rule with multiparty democratic system began after the revolution of 2007 BS. Diplomatic relations were established with many countries of the world. Besides this, the following were the major socio economic achievements of this period:

i)  Five years plan where started and implemented.

ii)  Municipal election of Kathmandu municipality was held for the first time.

iii)  Land reform program and Birta Abolition Act were implemented.

iv)  Great changes took place in the field of education. Common people also got opportunity to go to school and colleges. English medium schools were opened throughout the country

v)  Airways services began and internal as well as international flight started.

vii)  Civil Service Act was implemented and Rashtra Bank was established.

viii)  All forest of Nepal were nationalized. Telephone and telegram services started.

All the achievements brought lots of changes in socio economic life of Nepalese people.

Unit:-7, Lesson:-4 Political Events from 2017 to 2046 BS

Unit-7 Lesson-4

Political Events from 2017 to 2046 BS

A.  Very Short Answer Questions

1.  When was Panchayat System declared by king Mahendra?

Ans:- Panchayat System was declared by king Mahendra on 22nd Poush 2017 BS.

2.  What was Janakpur incident? When did it take place? 

Ans:- In 2018 BS, Durganand Jha threw bomb at the vehicle in which king Mahendra was travelling. This accident is called  Janakpur incident. It took place on 9th Magh, 2018 BS.

3.  What is referendum? When was it declared for the first time in Nepal?

Ans:- Referendum is a democratic way of taking public opinion in which every adult citizen of a country is asked a straightforward question or has to choose between two alternatives about any important National issues. Referendum was declared for the first time in Nepal in 10th Jestha, 2036 BS.

4.  What were the people asked in the referendum and what was the result?

Ans:- People were asked to choose between Reformed Panchayat system or multi-party democratic system. The result was victory of Partyless is Panchayat system.

5.  Who was Ratna kumar Bantawa? Why do the Nepalese politicians remember him even today?

Ans:- Ratna kumar Bantawa was a potential leader of CPN(ML). The Nepalese political leaders remember him even today because he was involved to restore democracy by ending partyless Panchayat system.

6.  What kind of movement is Satyagraha movement? Why was it withdrawn? 

Ans:- Satyagraha is the non violative movement of Nepali Congress against Panchayat system. It was withdrawn because a political party called Janabadi Matcha led by Ramraja Prasad Singh exploded bomb in different cities of the country and in Royal palace of Kathmandu. Nepali Congress concluded that Satyagraha became violative and obstructed the moment.

B.  Short Answer Questions

1.  What was the panchayat system? Wee Nepalese people not satisfied with this system?

Ans:- Panchayat system was Partyless system of rule. Nepalese people where are not satisfied with this system because:

i)  Panchayat was an autocratic and partyless system in which all the state powers were centralized towards the king.

ii)  People were not given any rights and freedom.

iii)  There was high political suppression.

iv)  Corruption watch taking place throughout the country and development activities were slow.

2.  Why was referendum held in Nepal? Explain.

Ans:- On 22nd charitra 2035 BS (April 1979 AD), TU students organized a huge procession against death sentences to former prime minister of Pakistan Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and tried to deliver the letter of condemnation to the Embassy of Pakistan in Kathmandu. But the police stopped them on the way and Lathi charged them. After this incident, student started united moment against the Panchayat system. In the beginning their demands were related to education but the government no pay attention. Then later, the movement was continued against political system and political parties also joined them. Panchayat ruler tried to suppress but its agitation increase day by day. At last to stop the movement, King Birendra declared a referendum on 10th Jestha 2036 BS.

3.  Discrimination on the basis of caste was made illegal on 1st Bhadra 2020 BS after the declaration of Civil Code (Mulki Ain). But it still exists in our society. Women, indigenous people, Janjaties, etc. are exploited in various ways. How can you involve yourself to end racial discrimination completely? Prepare a plan.

Ans:- I can suggest people and involve myself to in the racial discrimination in the following ways:

i)  Behave equally to the people of all races and gender in school and community.

ii)  Try to involve and participate all the people in public functions and ceremonies.

iii)  Convince my junior not to discriminate the people on the basis of caste, creed, race and gender.

iv)  Request the local organization and the authorities to create the environment for equal opportunities to all people regardless their caste and ethnicity.

C.  Long Answer Questions

1.  Introduced the following incidence:

Ans:- The following incidence are explained below:

a)  Jhapa Revolt:-

Then Communist party of Nepal ( Marxist and Leninist) launched revolt for the freedom of poor people and against the feudal system in Japan in 2028 BS. This incident is called Jhapa revolt. King Mahendra passed away in in the same year on 17th Magh, 2028 BS.

b)  Sukhani Assassination:-

Ramnath Dahal, Narayan Shreshtha, Krishna Kuinkel,Netra Prasad Ghimire, and Biren Rajvbnshi who were involved in Jhapa revolt, were arrested in the charge of the murder of Dharma Prasad Upadhyay, then the member of National Panchayat (parliament of Panchayat system) and shot dead by then the government in the place called Sukhani llam on 21st falgun, 2020 BS.

This incident is called Sukhani Assassination.

c)  Timburbote Incident

The youths were rapidly being organized to launch the revolution in order to end partyless Panchayat system and restore multi-party democracy. In 2031 BS, Nepali Congress made a secret plan to capture Okhaldhunga. For this, they established their camp at cave of Timburbote but the secrecy was revealed and panchayat government mobilized army force to suppress them. Nepal Army attacked the timburbote camp and brutally killed Ram, Lakshman and other youths. Capt. Yagya Bahadur Thapa and Bhim Narayan Shreshtha were arrested and hanged to death in 2033 BS. This incident is called Timburbote Incident.

d)  Piskar Assassination

On first Magh, 2040 BS, while cultural program was running at Piskar Mahadev in Sindhupalchowk district, the police surrounded the site and shot dead ile Thami, Bit Bahadur Thami and other many innocent children. Dozens of people were arrested and tortured. This incident is called Piskar Assassination. After this incident, vote of number confidence was launched in National Panchayat by then the members of parliament. Surya Bahadur Thapa was removed from the post of Prime Minister and Lokendra Bahadur Chand was appointed as the Prime Minister.

2.  Describe the causes, major events and consequences of the people’s movement 2046 BS.

Ans:- The people’s movement launched against to restore democracy from 7th falgun 2046 to 26th Chaitra 2046 BS under the leadership of Ganesh Man Singh was people’s movement 2046. The main causes of it were:

i)  Undemocratic nature of Panchayat system.

ii)  No fundamental rights were granted to the people.

iii)  There was a high political suppression.

iv)  Failure of Panchayat system to bring reforms in the country.

v)  Increase in corruption smuggling and other crimes.

A United mass movement of Nepali Congress, the United left front and United National people’s movement started on 7th falgun 2046 BS. Student played a vital role in this movement. All the professionals involved in the movement held a huge demonstration in various parks of the country. Strike, demonstration, disobedience of laws and rules, stopping tax payment, etc. were observed. There was a clash between student and police. Many people got martyrdom and many got injured. Role of media very appreciable because they published news in favour of the movement. The panchayath government tries to suppress the people. Government was changed as the movement went on full swing. Finally, king Birendra announced to lift ban on political parties on 26th Chaitra 2046 BS after 49 days of movement. The democracy was restored in Nepal. The consequences of the people’s movement 2046 BS are:-

i)  End of Panchayat and Restoration of democracy.

ii)  Formation of interim government among the leaders of the various political parties.

iii)  Constitution of the kingdom of Nepal 2047 BS is written.

iv)  Absolute Monarchy was changed into constitutional Monarchy.

v)  Election of Parliament was held and people got opportunity to choose their government by themselves.

Unit:-7, Lesson:-5 Causes of the Rise and Downfall of Panchayat System

Unit-7 Lesson-5

Causes of the Rise and Downfall of Panchayat System

A.  Very Short Answer Questions 

1.  What was Panchayat system?

Ans:- Panchayat system was a partyless autocratic political system introduced by King Mahendra in 2017 BS.

2.  Why did Panchayat system end?

Ans:- Panchayat system ended because the fundamental rights and freedom of the people was banned.

3.  What were the developmental activities of Panchayat system?

Ans:- The developmental activities of Panchayat system were development of infrastructures, implementation of periodic planning, decentralization of rule, etc.

B.  Short Answer Questions

1.  Write a letter to your friend highlighting the rise of Panchayat system.

Ans:- 

15th Ashad, 2074

Dear Bishal,

Sweet Remembrance,

I am fine here and I hope you and your family are also fine there by the grace of God. Today I am going to write about the rise of Panchayat system in Nepal. You know Panchayat system was a partyless autocratic political system. It was introduced by King Mahendra by abducting the democracy on 1st poush 2017 BS. It continued for 30 years long period. There were several causes of rise of contract system. They are given below:

i)  Lack of enough experience and maturity of political parties.

ii)  Inability of political parties to work according to people’s wills and aspirations.

iii)  Kings were concentration only to be powerful and confusing people.

iv)  Lack of feeling of nationality and unity among political parties due to focus on personal and parties interest.

v)  Lack of political consciousness, foreign interest and interference, corruption etc.

Because of the above mentioned reasons newly born democracy was killed by King Mahendra and fulfilled his interest.

I want to stop this letter here.

Your friend,

Rajan

2.  What should be done so that we don’t need to lose democracy and can move ahead towards economic progress? Write in points.

Ans:- We should do the following activities so that we don’t need to loose democracy and can move ahead towards economics progress:

i)  We should be able to aware the people about the norms and values of democracy.

ii)  Political parties should work according to consensus with each other.

iii)  Political parties should be able to address the will and aspirations of the people.

iv)  Government should work on behalf of people’s welfare.

v)  Everyone should respect the mandate of people.

vi)  Peace and security should be maintained.

vii)  Corruption, smuggling, lawlessness should be ended.

C.  Long Answer Questions

1.  The democracy obtained by Nepalese people with hard struggle in 2007 BS suffered from various crisis and was lost time and again. Why did it happen?

Ans:- The democracy obtained by Nepalese people with hard struggle in 2007 suffered from various crisis and was lost time and again due to following reasons:

i)  Due to weakness of political parties as they were unable to work according to mandate of people.

ii)  Due to immaturity and less experience of political parties regarding democratic system.

iii)  Failure in the formulation of constitution by the elected constituent assembly and implementation of Delhi Agreement.

iv)  Due to the absolute power given to Kings.

v)  Due to interference of foreigners in the internal and state affairs of Nepal.

vi)  Lack of unity and consensus among political parties to strengthen democracy.

vii)  Due to literacy, Lack of political consciousness, splitting of political parties, corruption and slowness in the administration.

2.  Explain the causes of the Rise and downfall of Panchayat system.

Ans:- Panchayat system was autocratic Partyless system introduced by King Mahendra on 22nd poush 2017 BS. It remained for 30 years. There were many causes of its rise and downfall. They are as follows:

Causes of the rise of Panchayat system

i)  Although the democracy was introduced in Nepal by ending the Ranarcy in 2007 BS, people could not get full rights instead it legitimate another family rule in the form of Monarchy.

ii)  Failure in the formulation of Constitution by the elected constituent assembly and implementation of Delhi Agreement.

iii)  Political parties lacked enough experience and maturity.

iv)  King Mahendra did not have faith on democracy and was ambitious to be a powerful king.

v)  The parliamentary system was new for Nepal.

vi)  There was illiteracy, lack of political consciousness, splitting of political parties, foreign interest and interference, corruption and slowness in the administration, etc.

Causes of the Downfall of Panchayat system

i)  Panchayat system was fully centralized unitary system run from the centre.

ii)  It was autocratic rule and the lower bodies had to obey everything ordered from the higher bodies.

iii)  Freedom, fundamental right and human right were hindered.

iv)  There was a dissatisfaction in people against to the Panchayat system because the illiteracy and awareness was increasing in people.

v)  Those who opposed the bad works of the government used to be suppressed.

vi)  Corruption increased, the executors of the system were more active to get power rather than public and national issues.

vii)  Political parties got United against Panchayat system and agreed to launch movement from 7th falgun, 2046 BS against it.

viii)  People also supported the political parties. They too got involved in the movement. There was a strike everywhere. Ultimately, king Birendra made a proclamation on radio at 11:00 on 26th Chaitra, 2046 BS and declare the end of Panchayat system and Restoration of democracy.

Unit:-7, Lesson:-6 Political events from 2046 BS to 2062 BS

Unit-7 Lesson-6

Political events from 2046 BS to 2062 BS

A.  Very Short Answer Questions

1.  What do you mean by interim government?

Ans:- The acting government formed to carry out the daily administration until another valid government is formed through general election is meant interim government.

2.  When did the people’s movement of 2062/63 begin and end?

Ans:- The people’s movement of 2062/63 begin on 24th Chaitra 2062  and ended on 11th Baisakh 2063 BS.

3.  What was the main objective of people’s movement 2046 BS?

Ans:- The main objective of people’s movement 2046 BS was to re-establish multi party democratic system in the country.

4.  What were the major tasks entrusted to the interim government formed after the people’s movement of 2046 BS?

Ans:- The major task entrusted to the interim government formed after the people’s movement of 2046 BS were:

i)  To make new constitution.

ii)  To conduct the election of parliament.

5.  When was the interim constitution of Nepal 2063 promulgated?

Ans:- the interim constitution of Nepal 2063 promulgated was on first Magh 2063 BS.

B.  Short Answer Questions:

1.  Mention any four strong aspects of the political changes happened from 2046 to 2062/63.

Ans:- Four strong aspects of the political changes happened from 2046 BS to 2062/63 BS are:

i)  Interim government under the chairmanship of Krishna Prasad TRAI was formed after the people’s movement 2046 BS.

ii)  Promulgation of constitution of kingdom of Nepal-2047 with sovereignty vested in people.

iii)  Election of 2048 provided the opportunities to the people of elect their representatives.

iv)  Formation of minority government after the mid-term Poll of 2051 BS.

2.  List the causes of the people’s Movement 2062/63.

Ans:- The list of the causes of the people’s movement 2062/63 are:

i)  Ambition of King Gyanendra to be almighty.

ii)  12 points agreement between 7 parties Alliance and my Maoistto launch movement against kings rule.

iii)  Awareness in people about their rights.

iv)  Anti-democratic nature and activities of the government.

v)  Support of people to political party against the rule of king.

3.  Mention the similarities and differences between the achievements of the people’s movement of 2046 and 2062/63 BS.

Ans:- The similarities and differences between the achievements of the people’s movement of 2046 and 2062 / 63 BS are:

 Similarities:

i)  Both were launched against Monarchy.

ii)  Both movements provided the fundamental rights to the people.

iii)  In both movements, there was great support of people to the political parties.

iv)  In both movements, many people got martyrdom.

v)  After both movements, interim government was formed in the consensus between political parties.

Differences:

i)  The commander of the movement of 2046 was Ganesh Man Singh where is the commander of 2062 / 63 was Girija Prasad koirala.

ii)  The movement of 2046 was against Panchayat system but the movement of 2062/63 was against direct rule of King Gyanendra.

iii)  The movement of 2046 ended the 30 years long Panchayat system whereas the movement of 2062/63 ended the 240 years long Monarchy.

iv)  The movement of 2046 restored the democracy but the movement of 2062/63 introduced republican system.

C.  Long Answer Questions

1.  Four great movements and two armed struggles took place from 2007 to 2062 BS. What should be done to protect the achievements of the movements and let economic development progress?

Ans:- four great movements and two armed struggles took place from 2007 to 2062 BS. They brought several changes in politics, society, economy, etc. and Nepal entered in new era.

For the protection of the achievements of the movement and late economic development progress, following activities are necessary:

i)  Maintain political stability

ii)  Encourage four public participation

iii)  Corruption should be controlled

iv)  Ensure good governance

v)  Giving priority for infrastructure of development

vi)  End procedural administration

vii)  Political parties should work on the basis of consensus

viii)  Creating employment opportunities

2.  Compare between the people’s Movement of 2046 BS and people’s Movement of 2062/63 in terms of objectives, achievements, leadership and duration.

Ans:- A comparison between the peoples of Movement of 2046 BS and people’s Movement of 2062/63 in term of objectives, achievements, leadership and duration are:

Unit:-7, Lesson:-7 Political Events after 2062/63 BS

Unit-7 Lesson-7

Political Events after 2062/63 BS

A.  Very Short Answer Questions:

1.  What was the Historical Declaration of House of Representatives?

Ans:- On 4th Jestha 2063, the restored House of Representatives made several remarkable declarations, which is known as Historical Declarations of House of Representatives.

2.  When was the Comprehensive Peace Agreement signed between the CPN (Maoist) and the Government of Nepal?

Ans:- The Comprehensive peace Agreement was signed between the CPN (Maoist) and the government of Nepal on 5th Mangsir,2063 BS.

3.  What is Constituent Assembly?

Ans:- constituent Assembly is the group of elected by the people to draft new constitution in the country.

4.  When was the Constitution of Nepal promulgated through Constituent Assembly ll?

Ans:- the constitution of Nepal was promulgated on 3rd Ashwin 2072 BS through Constituent Assembly ll.

B.  Short Answer Questions

1.  “The present constitution of Nepal is a document of consensus.” Justify this statement.

Ans:- “The present constitution of Nepal is a document of consensus.” Major political parties discuss on drafting of constitution and promulgate on behalf of people. After the success of people’s movement-ll of 2062/63, the major parties agreed to hold the election of Constituent Assembly. Accordingly, they fixed the date to hold the election on 28th Chaitra 2064 BS. But the first Constituent Assembly failed to draft the constitution due to some disagreement between the parties. Again the election of Constituent Assembly-ll was held on 4th Mangsir 2070 BS with the objective to complete the constitution drafting process. After the completion of election, all the 30 political parties is leading in in a actively got involved in constitution drafting process. They came to an agreement to promulgate constitution at any cost within the stipulated time. Finally, out of 601 members of CA, 507 members voted in favor of constitution in the meeting of CA and Constitution was promulgated on 3rd Ashwin 2072 with majority of participation and consensus. So, the present constitution of Nepal is a document of consensus.

2.  Mention the reasons behind the establishment of Republicanism in Nepal.

Ans:- The reasons behind the establishment of republicanism in Nepal are:

i)  Royal takeover of King Gyanendra at 19th Magh, 2060.

ii)  Unity of 7 political parties and the fighting Maoist.

iii)  Dissatisfaction in people due to political instability.

iv)  Failure of unitary ruling system to meet its target.

3.  Constitution could not be formulated from the Constituent Assembly-l? Why?

Ans:- Constituent Assembly was formed to draft the constitution in Nepal. But the constitution could not be for formulated from the Constituent Assembly-l due to the following reasons:

i)  Disagreement of political parties in several issues.

ii)  Crisis of understanding, beliefs, maturity, experience, feeling of responsibility in political parties.

iii)  Lack of public pressure and awareness.

iv)  People’s representatives were in dilemma regarding the procedure of drafting constitution.

v)  Interest of political parties on formation and dissolving of the government rather than drafting constitution.

vi)  Negligence of Political parties to the mandate and spirit of people’s movement.

C.  Long Answer Questions

1.  Were the wills and aspirations of people fulfilled after the people’s movement-ll? Present your logics.

Ans:- People’s movement-ll was very successful movement as it brought changes in Nepal. There was a huge participation of people in the moment. Many people have sacrificed their life for the sake of change in the country. After the success of the the movement, people have ample expectation to fulfill but the wills and aspiration of people were partially fulfilled after the People’s movement. Monarchial system was ended according to the spirit of people’s movement. Comprehensive peace Accord between 7 parties Alliance and Maoist ended ten years long people’s war which maintained peace and security in the society. The country adopted proportional inclusive policy which empowered the peoples deprived of facilities earlier. Election of Constituent Assembly promulgated the Constitution of Nepal on behalf of people. Rights of women, Dalits, Aadibasi Janjati, Tharu, Madhesi, Marginalized people were ensured. Some of the aspiration that were not fulfilled after people’s movement-ll are: unable to maintain political stability, unnecessary strike and bandas from some political parties. Unable to create employment for the youth which increased the the trend of women power depletion. Increase in corruption, halt the development work, increase in social crime which has threatened the peace of the society. So, the expectation of people are not fulfilled after People ‘s movement-ll.

2.  Compare between Periodic election, Referendum and election of Constituent Assembly in two points of each.

Ans:- a brief comparison between periodic election, Referendum and election of Constituent Assembly are as follows:

Unit:-7, Lesson:-8 Social and Economic Achievement After People’s Moment-ll

Unit-7 Lesson-8

Social and Economic Achievement After People’s Moment-ll

A.  Very Short Answer Questions

1.  What do you mean by political change?

Ans:- Political change means the change that is done for changing ruling and administrative system.

2.  What was the main achievement of people’s movement-ll? Write in a sentence.

Ans:- The main achievement of people’s movement-ll was end of monarchy and establishment of republicanism in the country.

B.  Short Answer Questions

1.  Present the social and economic effects after the people’s movement-ll in a table.

Ans:- Social effect and economic effect after the people’s movement-ll are shown in the table:

2.  Make a list of the positive changes occurred in your community after people’s movement-ll.

Ans:- The list of the causes of the people’s movement 2062/63 are:-

i)  Maintenance of peace and security.

ii)  Obtain several fundamental rights and freedom.

iii)  Speed the pace of development of infrastructure.

iv)  Increase in awareness on rights and freedom.

v)  End of social discrimination.

vi)  More rights and opportunities are provided to women, backward race, caste, class, gender, community, disable, dalits, etc.

3.  “Political change according to the will and aspiration of people brings social and economic changes in the country”. Present urologist in the form of newspaper article.

C.  Long Answer Questions

1.  Compare the social and economic effects of the political changes occurred from 2007 to 2017 BS after 2062/63 BS.

Ans:- The social and economic effect of the political changes occurred from 2007 to 2017 BS and after 2062/63 BS are:

The above table shows that the trend of social and economic development speeded up after 2062/63 BS. It is because of the effect of foreign employment, increase in foreign donation, people’s participation, etc.

Unit:-7, Lesson:-9 Causes of the First World War

Unit-7 Lesson-9

Causes of the First World War

A.  Very Short Answer Questions

1.  When were the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente?

Ans:- Before the First World War an organization was formed including Germany, Austria, Hungary and Italy which was called the Triple Alliance. Similarly, the organization formed by England, France and Russia to counter the Triple Alliance was called Triple Entente.

2.  What was and Ottoman Empire?

Ans:- Before  First World War, Turkey had a big empire over Balkan region which was called the Ottoman empire. The countries like Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, Albania, Bosnia, Herzegovina etc. were under the rule of Ottoman Empire.

3.  Which country was called the “Sick man of Europe” and why?

Ans:- Turkey was called the “sick man of Europe” because Turkey was losing many territories and it was getting weaker.

4.  What was the Balkan League?

Ans:- The organization formed by four Balkan countries like Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria and Montenegro to get independence from Ottoman Empire was called the Balkan League.

5.  What was the immediate cause of First World War?

Ans:- The assassination of Austrian heir Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife Sophie choteck in Bosnian capital, Sarajevo was the immediate cause of the First World War.

6.  When did the First World War breakout and end?

Ans:- Its 28 July 1914 AD.

B.  Short Answer Questions 

1.  How did groupism invite the first World War?

Ans:- Groupism invited the first world war. There were divisions of the countries of the world into two groups. One was led by Germany and another was led by France, Austria, Hungary, Turkey ware in German group whereas Britain, Russia, Japan, America, Italy etc. were in French group. Other countries of the world where also directly and indirectly involved in groupism. There was enmity, rivalry, tension, fear, hatred and suspicion between the countries of two groups. Both the groups were in competition to increase in military, weapons etc. There was criticism with each other. Finally, the rivalry of Austria and Serbia broke out the war between two groups.

2.  Differentiate between Nationalism and Extreme Nationalism.

Ans:- The differences between nationalism and extreme nationalism are shown below:

3.  Write the basic differences between imperialism and colonialism?

Ans:- The basic difference between imperialism and colonialism are given below:

4.  How was the character of Kaiser William responsible for the outbreak of the First World War?

Ans:- German emperor Kaiser William-ll was very arrogant and proud. He wanted Germany to the most powerful in the world. He was not ready for any compromise and understanding with others in international affairs. He wanted to have his own way in every case. His view was to accept all his demands by English man rather than to fight with him. He wanted to dominate England. He believed in the policy of “world power or downfall”. Such attitude of Kaiser Williams is responsible for the outbreak of the First World War.

5.  How did the First World War break out? Explain.

Ans:- The base for world war began when Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina, a province of Turkey. It was protested by Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, was inhabited by Serbian people. Against the act of Austria- Hungary, Serbian youth opened a secret organization called ‘Black Hand Society’ with the objective to free Bosnia- Herzegovina. In the meantime, the prince of Austria Hungary, Archduke Ferdinand and his wife Sophie Chotek visited Bosnian capital, Sarajevo. While they were travelling in the capital, a 19 years old Bosnian student called Gavrilo principal assassinated the couple shooting from nearby. Then the enmity and rivalry between Austria-Hungary and Serbia increased. Austria-Hungary outraged with the incident, launched a military attack against Serbia on 28th July, 1914 AD and hence, the world war broke out.

6.  If you were the Serbian King Peter, what and how would you reply to the threatening of Austria-Hungary and King? And why?

Ans:- If I were the Serbian King Peter, I would reply to the threatening of Austria-Hungarian and King that the Serbian government had no link with ‘Black hand society’. The Serbian government had not given the order to shoot dead the Austrian Prince and his wife. Anyone could be killed and can killed during war fame. Serbian had no interest and connection over the 12 points demand of Austria. It is very obvious that there was certainly of warin near future. It was not possible to stop the war even if Serbia apologized with Austria.

C.  Long Answer Questions

1.  Describe any six major causes of the First World War.

Ans:- Any six major causes of the first world war are as follows:

a)  Division of European powers into two hostile groups (Groupism):- During the unification of Germany, German chancellor Otto Von Bismarck had annexed the two important provinces of France called Alsace and Lorraine. France face great humiliation internationally for taking those territories by Germany. At the same time, Bismarck thought that France could attack on Germany e any time to return Alsace and Lorraine. So, to protect Germany from French attack Bismarck signed the treaty with Austria Hungary and Italy which was called the Triple Alliance. When France came to you know about the formation of this alliance, France also signed the treaty with Britain and Russia which was called the Triple Entente. Thus, European powers were divided into two hostile groups. There was suspicion, fear and political tension among the members of these rival alliances. Their activities spread jealousy and hatred against each other, which led to the outbreak of the First World War.

b)  Militarism:- After the formation of two hostile alliances, both the groups felt insecure and increase the military strength. Powerful countries of Europe like England, France, Germany, Italy etc spend a huge National income in military expenses. Compulsory military services are imposed on people. War materials were produced in the factories. Scientists were engaged to develop new weapons. Germany and England to increase the naval forces. For every ship Germany built, England would build two ships. Such a race could end only one war.

c)  Economic Imperialism:- After the industrial revolution, the industrial country job Europe needed a market to sell their products and to acquire raw materials for their industries. They started to search new places in different parts of the world. Many countries of Asia and Africa were colonized by England and France. Spain and Portugal colonized South America. Netherlands, Denmark, etc. also had their colonies in different parts of the world. After the unification of Germany and Italy, they also became imperialist countries and joined in the race of making colonies. Every country wanted to extend their empire which created tensions and rivalries among European Nations.

d)  Absence of peace keeping force:- The powerful countries following the policy of ‘Might is Right’ started doing anything they liked. They violated the international value and justice. But, there was no any international organization to control the anarchy and to establish peace. They were free to ignite the fire of War.

e)  The Balkan crisis and Birth of Black Hand society:- The Balkan countries like Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro, etc. formed a league called ‘Balkan League’  to attack Ottoman Empire (Turkey) to be free from it in 1912. The league won a large Territory and got divided into fragments to the countries of the league. But later, Bulgaria became dissatisfied with the portion it got. In 1913 AD with the support of Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria attacked on Serbia. On the other hand Bosnia and Herzegovina, a territory of Serbian race was already annexed in Austria. It increased in hostility of Serbia and Austria. The serve youth formed ‘Black Hand Society’ a secret organization to revenge with Austria-Hungary for its occupation over Bosnia-Herzegovina. which led the immediate cause of the war.

f)  Immediate Cause:- The murder of Austrian heir Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife Sofie Chotek was the immediate cause of the First World War. On 28th June 1914 AD when the Australian heir and his wife visited Bosnian capital Sarajevo, a Bosnian student member of ‘Black Hand Society’ named Gavrilo Princip murdered the couple, shooting from nearby.

Austria blamed Serbia for this murder and sent the message that Serbia had to suppress the Black Hand and Austrian official should be permitted to supervise the suppression. Serbian government was agreed to suppress the Black Hand but would not permit the Austrian officials to supervise it. So, on 28th July 1914 AD Austria declared war against Serbia and the First World War started.

Unit:-7, Lesson:-10 Consequences of the First World War

Unit-7 Lesson-10

Consequences of the First World War

A.  Very Short Answer Questions

1.  What is meant by directorship?

Ans:- Directorship is a form of government where a country or a group of countries is ruled by one person or political entity, and exercised through various mechanism to ensure that they entity’s power remains strong.

2.  What was the Versailles treaty (Paris peace treaty)? When was it signed?

Ans:- The treaty signed between Allies and Germany is in the Versailles palace of France after First World War was called the Versailles treaty. It was signed on 29th June 1919.

3.  What was the League of Nations?

Ans:- League of nations was a first global organization formed after the First World War to prevent the world from the world wars.

4.  ‘I can send my army to fight against any of the military force in the world but my heart highly shiver by the name of Gorkhalese force’. Who said this statement?

Ans:- This statement was said by the German emperor Kaiser William ll.

B.  Short Answer Questions

1.  What were the military restrictions imposed over Germany by the treaty of Versailles?

Ans:- The military restrictions imposed over Germany by the treaty of Versailles were:

i)  Rhineland was evacuated and kept under control of allies for 15 years.

ii)  German army was curtailed to 100000 only.

iii)  Germany was restricted not to have more than six warships.

iv)  Germany was banned to make warship, tank and aeroplane.

2.  Describe the role played by Nepalese soldiers during the First World War.

Ans:- Chandra Shamsher was the prime minister of Nepal during the first world war. Nepal sent 7500 troops on behalf of British government. New recruitment also continued as war spread day by day. At the same time, Nepal provided 1 million pound to the British government.

Nepalese force exhibited extra-ordinary bravery in this war. So, the enemy also praised the bravery of the Nepalese soldiers. About the bravery of Nepalese force, German emperor Kaiser William ll had said that, “I can send my army to fight any troops of the world, but my heart shiver when I hear the name of Gorkhali soldier.” Many Nepalese soldiers were awarded the most reputed Victoria Cross by British government and also provided 1 million rupees annually to Nepal as a mark of gratitude.

3.  Make a list of consequences of the First World War

Ans:- The First World War was the greatest disaster in the history of mankind till then. This war caused unprecedented loss of life of property. The list of the consequences of the First World War are:

i)  Versailles treaty and insult of Germany.

ii)  Unbelievable loss of life and property.

iii)  Downfall of feudalism and establishment of Republicanism.

iv)  Formation of League of Nations.

v)  Rise of new countries and change in world map.

vi)  Worldwide economic crisis.

vii)  Social changes.

4.  How it is proved by the world war that the feeling of revenge cannot solve the problem?

Ans:- After the conquest of Bosnia-Herzegovina by Austria, the feeling of revenge developed among the Serbian. So, to take revenge with Austria, Serbian student named Gavrilo Princip (member of Black Hand) murdered avenge Austrian heir Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife Sophie Chotek. To revenge of this act of Serbia, Austria attacked Serbia and the First World War broke out.

After the First World War, Germany was forced to sign the most humiliating Versailles treaty. Germany could never forget it. Due to the feeling of revenge, Hitler got huge support and came to the power. He increased the strength of Germany and caused the Second World War Thus, it is proved that the feeling of revenge cannot solve the problem.

C.  Long Answer Questions

1.  Describe the consequences of First World War.

Ans:- The consequences of the First World War are:

a)  Versailles treaty as a seed of Second World War:- The treaty signed between Allies and Germany in the Versailles palace of France to the end of First World War is called the Versailles treaty. It was signed on 29th June 1919. According to the treaty, Germany had to lose 13% of its territory and 6 million people. According to the article 231 of Versailles treaty, Germany was declared war criminal and had to take responsibility of all damage made by the war. German territories were confiscated and given to Denmark, Portland, Lithuania etc. All German colonies were taken by Allies.

A huge military restriction was imposed on Germany. German army was curtailed to 100,000 only. Germany was restricted not to have more than six warships. Germany was banned to make warship, tank and aeroplane. Germany had to pay 660 million pound as the compensation of War. Thus, Germany was humiliated.

b)  Unprecedented loss of life and properties:- About 65 million Army soldiers were involved in this war. Among the 8.5 million were killed and about 20 million were injured out of which 6 million became disabled. Many beautiful cities, modern factories, costly bridges and large vessels were destroyed. Production decreased and many countries of the world suffered from economic crisis.

c)  Fall of absolute monarchies:- As the result of this war many absolute monasteries of Europe collapsed and democracy and republicanism replaced  them. The monarchies of Germany, Austria, Russia, Bulgaria and Turkey collapsed. Republican forms of governments were established in Germany, Austria, Russian, Finland, Ukraine, etc. Hungary separated from Austria. Bolshevik Revolution took place in Russia and rule of czar ended and Communist system of government was established in 1917 AD.

d)  Establishment of League of nation:- The First World War broke out the due to lack of international level of peace keeping organization. Realizing the need of such organization, the league of nation was established on 10th January, 1920 by the initiation of the US President Woodrow Wilson. Its objective was to prevent the world from wars, settling the dispute peacefully and developing international understanding and these disarmaments.

e)  Emergence of dictatorship:- Along with the end of the war, dictatorship in different countries like Germany, Italy, Russia and Spain emerged. Because of unemployment problem and economic depression along with unrest and instability, democracy could not exist in these countries.

Unit:-7, Lesson:-11 Causes of the Second World War

Unit-7 Lesson -11

Causes of the Second World War

A.  Very Short Answer Questions

1.  What is meant by the Policy of Appeasement?

Ans:- Appeasement means the policy of making concessions to the directorial power in order to avoid conflict.

2.  In which date did the Second World War break out and ended?

Ans:- Second World War broke out on 12th September 1939 AD.

3.  What is the difference between Communism and Imperialism?

Ans:- Communism is a form of socialism that abolishes private ownership and Imperialism is the policy extending a nations authority by territorial gain or establishment of economic and political dominance over other Nations.

4.  What was Anti comintern pact? What was its objective?

Ans:- The treaty signed between Germany and Japan in 1939 AD Anti comintern pact. Its objective was to prevent Communism in the world.

5.  What do you mean by “Rome Berlin Tokyo Axis”?

Ans:- “Rome Berlin Tokyo Axis” was an alliances formed by Italy, Germany and Japan before Second World War.

6.  What was the immediate cause of Second World War?

Ans:- In 1939 AD, Hitler demanded Danzing and Police Corridor from Poland. These territories were given to Poland according to the Treaty of Versailles from Germany. When Poland denied to hand over those territories to Germany, Hitler invaded Poland. Britain and France jointly declared war against Germany and the Second World War began

7.  When and why did USA join in the Second World War?

Ans:- On 7th December 1941 Japan attacked on Pearl Habour, Hawali island of USA so America joined in Second World War on 8th December 1941 AD.

B.  Short Answer Questions

1.  “If the treaty of Versailles was fair, the Second World War would not have occurred.” How do you justify this statement?

Ans:- After the end of the first world war, the Versailles treaty was signed between Allies and Germany in the Versailles palace of France. Germany was compelled to sign this treaty with a knife at its throat. It was imposed and was a one sided treaty. it contained most humiliating terms of Germany. They are:

i)  Germany had to curtail military and prohibited from manufacturing weapons.

ii)  Large local production areas of Germany was given to France for 15 years.

iii)  Germany had to give 13% land to other countries.

Such conditions had disrespected and insulted the Germany. So that, Germany wanted to take revenge of insult. As a result Second World War started. If Germany was executed in first world war-1 and involved in League of Nations, there may not be the next war. So that, if the Treaty of Versailles was fair the Second World War would not have occurred.

2.  Why is the economic crisis considered as a cause of the Second World War?

Ans:- Economic crisis is considered as a cause of the next Second World War because of following reasons:

i)  A huge destruction of property had occurred in First World War.

ii)  People were suffering from unemployment, inflation, shortage of food, etc.

iii)  The life was miserable and panic.

iv)  People or youth were involved in wars, revolution in absence of job.

v)  The trend of military recruitment increased which caused war.

vi)  Frustration and dissatisfaction increased in common people.

3.  “The Second World War was the war created by Hitler”. How? Clarify with facts.

Ans:- “the second world war was created by Hitler” because of following facts:

i)  To take revenge against Versailles Treaty, he got involved in politics establishing the Nazi party.

ii)  He became Prime Minister of Germany when he got majority in election.

iii)  He rejected all the terms and conditions of Versailles Treaty and paved the way to war.

iv)  He signed the Treaty with Japan and Italy and formed a group.

v)  Under the leadership of Hitler, Germany, Italy and Japan left the membership of League of Nations and involved in activities of War.

vi)  Finally, in 1939, Hitler hit Poland from both land and air and started the Second World War.

4.  How did the directorship of Hitler, Mussolini and Franco result to the outburst of the Second World War? Discuss.

Ans:- The directorship of Hitler, Mussolini and Franco result to the outburst of the Second World War because these three dictators emerged in power after first world war. They started to carry out their activities dictatorially. They adopted the policy of ‘Might is Right’ in internal political system and administrative system. They increased military in competition and demonstrated the weapons to challenge, terrify and threaten the other European country. They spread the ultra-nationalistic feeling among the people. Hitler suspended the constitution and exercised the absolute state powers. He made compulsory to join in army to the youths. Such activities weaken the democratic rule and system in the world and became the cause of the Second World War.

5.  Germany seems guilty for the outbreak of the Second World War. Were the countries which imposed the most humiliating Treaty of Versailles not responsible for that? Justify your answer.

Ans:- Germany seems guilty for the outbreak of the Second World War. The other countries which imposed the most humiliating Treaty of Versailles were also equally responsible for Second World War because:

i)  The Treaty signed between Germany and Allies was one sided for the advantage of Allies.

ii)  Germany was compelled to accept the war guilt by the other countries.

iii)  Germany was insulted and humiliated in the treaty by the other countries.

iv)  Germany was contracted in limited area by the treaty.

v)  All the German colony and large portion of territory were confiscated.

vi)  In a nutshell, Germany was made powerless and weak by the treaty.

C.  Long Answer Questions

1.  How were Britain, Russia and France responsible for the outburst of the Second World War?

Ans:- Britain, Russia and France were responsible for the outburst of the Second World War because of the following reasons:

i)  These countries insulted and humiliated Germany in the Versailles treaty.

ii)  These countries compelled Germany to take revenge due to their activities in treaty.

iii)  Britain and France discriminated Germany group in League of Nations.

iv)  They interfered in the internal affair of Germany time and again.

v)  They did not make any effort to stop the uncontrolled activities of Hitler to break out the war.

vi)  They did not play any role to abrogate the Treaty of Versailles to pacify Germany from to all countries.

2.  List the causes of the Second World War? And explain any three of them.

Ans:- The causes of Second World War are given below:

i)  Treaty of Versailles

ii)  Rise of Hitler and Militarism

iii)  Rise of communism

iv)  Ambition of expansion

v)  Failure of the League of Nations

vi)  Immediate cause attack on Poland by Germany

The causes of Second World War are explained below:

a)  Ambition of expansion:- The main European countries such as Britain, France and Russia had occupied vast territories. Germany, Japan and Italy also had dreams of expansion. To fulfill their dreams, Germany occupied Austria and Czechoslovakia, Italy occupied Ethiopia, Japan invaded Manchuria and Russia grabbed Finland. Such attitude of expansion created tension and rivalry among European Nations. The European powers were divided into two rival camps which were called Allies power and Axis power.

b)  Failure to the League of Nations:- After the First World War, the League of Nations was established according to prevent the world from world war. It was established according to the idea of then US President Woodrow Wilson. But the USA never took the membership of the League of Nations. Lacking the support of USA the League bacame weak. The failure of the League of Nations became the cause of Second World War.

c)  Immediate cause attack on Poland by Germany:- In 1939 AD, Hitler demanded Danzing and Polish corridor from Poland. These territories were given to Poland according to the Treaty in Versailles from Germany. When Poland denied to hand over those territories to Germany, Hitler invaded Poland. Britain and France jointly declared war against Germany and thus, the Second World War began.

Unit:-7, Lesson:-12 Consequences of the Second World War and Role of Nepal

Unit-7 Lesson-12

Consequences of the Second World War and Role of Nepal

A.  Very Short Answer Questions

1.  What was the cold war?

Ans:- The criticism between the countries to each other and unable to declare the war due to the balance of power was cold war.

2.  Why did Hitler commit suicide? Present your logics.

Ans:- In my opinion, Hitler committed suicide to be prevented from insult and humiliation that might be carried out by the enemy side.

3.  What was Atlantic Charter?

Ans:- On 14th August 1941 AD,US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill prepared a joint declaration in a battleship in Atlantic ocean and issued for the world peace, it is called Atlantic charter.

4.  Why did the Pearl Harbor Event become destructive for Japan?

Ans:- The Pearl Harbor Event became destructive for Japan because after this event America joined in Second World War and dropped atom bombs in two cities of Japan where lots of Japanese life and properties were destroyed.

B.  Short Answer Questions 

1.  Discussion and understanding is more beneficial than war. Why? Justify on the background of the Second World War.

Ans:- War is destructive in nature. It is never in favor of human beings. It may destroy the several physical structures and construction. We can take the example of World War Second. During the war of 6 years, millions of people and billions of property were destroyed. Uncountable people became homeless, orphan and disable. We should be able to think that the best solution of every problem is table talk, discussion and understanding. Because of the lack of dialogue and consensus during Versaille treaty, the sense of revenge rose in Germany which resulted Second World War. By the end of Second World War, several dialogues and discussions were made. It resulted in establishing United Nations Organizations which prevented the great wars till date. So, discussion and understanding is more beneficial than war.

2.  After the Second World War, an organization of neutral countries was formed. Which was that organization? Write its name and short description.

Ans:- After the Second World War, an organization of neutral countries was formed. That was founded in Belgrade in 1961 AD. The founding fathers of NAM were Jawaharlal Nehru of India, sukarno of Indonesia, Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia, Gamas Abdul Answer of Egypt,and Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana. Their actions were known as ‘The initiative of Five’. They advocated a middle course for the states in the developing world between the Eastern and Western blocs in the cold war. There are 120 members state in this movement. This movement believes in:

i)  Not to attract to each other.

ii)  To exchange social, economic and cultural health.

iii)  To respect the freedom and sovereignty to one another.

iv)  Not to involve in conflict and war that may increase.

v)  Not interfere in internal affairs of other countries.

3.  Despite of singing on ‘Nazi Soviet Non-Aggression Pact’, Russia and Germany involve in war against each other in the Second World War. Which country do you think was guilty? Present your opinion.

Ans:- despite of singing on ‘Nazi Soviet non-aggression pact’, Russia and Germany involved in war against each other in the Second World War. In my opinion, for this Germany was guilty because during the First World War, there was good relation between Russia and Britain. Russia was the mother of communism but Britain was against it. Taking the advantage of it, Germany attacked Russia in its group after the war. They had signed treaty not to attack to each other for 10 years. After this, Hitler rose in power and to the policy of assassination of Communist. This lead Germany and Russia into conflict. After two years of starting of Second World War, Germany attacked Russia. In this way, Germany broke out the treaty and started war against its enemy countries.

4.  “The destruction of two Japanese cities; Hiroshima and Nagasaki was mainly caused by the development of atomic weapons rather than the war.” Present your logic in favor or against the statement.

Ans:- It is very obvious that the destruction of two cities of Japan: Hiroshima and Nagasaki was mainly by the development of atomic weapons rather than the war. War is always against the peace and security. It creates several problems. There may be destruction of life and property due to the war and conflicts. The arms and ammunitions used in war may be of different types. Some weapons maybe less harmful and destructive whereas some may be sophisticated, lethal and modern. During the Second World War too, when Japan attacked on Pearl Habour on 7th December 1941 AD, then USA joined the World War-ll. USA got victory over several countries of Axis power. USA did not like you lengthen the war so it used most fatal and destructive atom bomb against Japan. Such destructive atom bomb turned the two cities of Japan into ashes. These two cities of Japan was not affected by the several events of War but completely destroyed by the latest development of the atomic weapons.

C.  Long Answer Questions

1.  Describe the consequences of the Second World War?

Ans:- The results of second world war are as follows:

The Second World War more disastrous first world war. It was fought in Europe, Asia and Africa. Besides the use of modern and sophisticated weapons, the most destructive atom bomb were dropped which kills thousands of innocent civilians. The following were the main result of this war:

i)  Division Germany and cold war:- After the Second World War, Germany was divided into East and West Germany. East Germany was kept under the supervision of Soviet Russia and West Germany was kept under the supervision of Britain, France and USA. The world was divided into two blocs. The Communist countries of the east were under Soviet bloc whereas the capitalist countries came under the US bloc. Tension began between communist east and capitalist west. They criticized each other but could not engaged in war due to balance of power. The situation created cold war between them.

ii)  Growth of National movements:- Due to the involvement in Second World War, the imperialist countries of Europe became weak. They could not control over their colonies. The national movement against colonialism spread afro Asian countries. India Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Egypt, etc. got freedom from British colonialism. French colonies like Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos also became independent. Similarly, Indonesia got freedom from the colonial rule of Netherlands. Gradually, the way of independence swept over the world.

iii)  Marshall plan and COMCON:- Most of the countries of Europe were destroyed during the Second World War. Their economic was paralyzed. At the same time communism spreading in Europe. To prevent the spread of communism, US secretary of state, George Marshall prepared a plan to provide economic aid to the European countries. This is called Marshall Plan. The US government spend 12.5 billion US dollar to rebuild European economic under this plan. On the other hand Soviet Russia established an organization of communist countries of Europe. It was called Council for Mutual Economic Aid (COMECON). Its objective was to provide economic assistance to the member countries. Thus, the world powers were polarized into two groups, one led by USA and the other led by USSR.

iv)  Establishment of the UN:– The United Nations was an outcome of the Second World War. To protect the mankind from the suffering of wars, the world leads of that time set up the United Nations. It was formerly inaugurated on 24th October, 1945 AD.

2.  Compare the First World War and Second World War on the basis of political, economic and geographical background.

Ans:- There was not a long time interval between the first world war and second world war. Even though their political, economic and geographical backgrounds were different like:

i)  A success of Germany in the unification campaign, Bismarck’s policy of ‘Blood and Iron’, William’s believe on ‘World power and Downfall’, and treaty of Frankfurt and Humiliation of France were the political bases of the first world war whereas unequal treaty-Treaty of Versailles and German’s humiliation was the political basis of Second World War.

ii)  Groupism and division of European powers in two different hostile groups like Triple Alliance (Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy) and Triple Entente ( Ally of France, Russia and England) and feeling of revenge was the next political basis of first world war. But, the ‘Pact’ formed by Germany, Italy and Japan (Anti-Comminterm Pact of Berlin- Rome-Tokyo Axis) to stop the influence of communism of Russia in Europe and Pacific region was the next political base of Second World War.

iii)  Following the principle of ‘Might is Right’ by the Emperor of powerful countries and feeling of ultra-nationalism of European powers particularly in Germany caused hatred and tension among the European powers in First World War. But, policy of allies to ruin Germany and make it alone in Europe, feeling of revenge of Germany against allies power, Rise of dictators and there extreme rule like Nazism in Germany and Fascism in Italy, ambition of Japanese emperor and his Alliance with axis power, National treaties by the powerful countries and their dictators / emperors developed a wide political base for the second world war.

iv)  Monarchies of Europe collapsed but dictators emerged along with the end of the First World War. But, Second World War and its end brought change in power structure in the first along with independence of colonized countries and the establishment of the UNO. However, cold war started between the capitalist (the USA) and socialist (USSR).

v)  Due to the result of industrial revolution in Europe, European countries were searching for colonies to support them with raw materials to run their industries and sell their products. There was an unhealthy competition between the European powers for imperialism and increasing the colonies which cost clash between them. So, Industrial Revolution and Expansion of trade was the economic base of the First World War. After the end of First World War, European powers faced economic crisis. The democratic governments of the countries could not deal the problems like unemployment, inflation and food shortages. So that people lost their faith in solve the crisis. Such situation helped in the rise of dictatorship in European powers like Germany, Italy, Spain, etc. The rise of dictators eventually led to the violation of the terms of the treaties and international peace and led to the World War ll. Thus, economic crisis was the economic base for the break out the Second World War.

vi)  Geographically, the First World War was more concentrated in Europe. Along with the end of the war there was a big change in political map of Europe. But, the Second World War was fought not only in the Europe and its surrounding, it was a also fought in Asia-pacific, south and east of Asia and Africa. There was a terrible battle between the USA and Japan till the end of the war. The Second World War caused a great change in gio-political condition in the world along with a huge loss of life and property.

Unit:-7, Lesson:-13 Exploration, Identification, Preservation and Promotion of Historical Sites and Monuments

Unit-7 Lesson-13

Exploration, Identification, Preservation and Promotion of Historical Sites and Monuments

A.  Very Short Answer Questions

1.  What do you mean by historical sites?

Ans:- The most important and valuable historical places, religious places, archaeological monuments constructed in different phases of history are meant as historical sites.

2.  How do you involve yourself in the preservation of the historical sites? Write in a sentence.

Ans:- I would publicize, make people aware and participate myself in the preservation of the historical sites.

B.  Short Answer Questions

1.  Why should the historical and archaeological places be preserved? Write your opinion in four points.

Ans:- The historical and archaeological places should be preserved for the following reasons:

i)  To protect ancient arts, culture, religion, civilization, tradition, etc.

ii)  To maintain social harmony and unity.

iii)  To keep the history immortal.

iv)  To promote tourism.

v)  To identify the country in the world.

vi)  To increase economic of the country.

2.  Discuss about the touristic and economic importance of the historical sites.

Ans:- Touristic importance of historical sites are listed below:

i)  Tourist comes to watch arts, sculptor, and architecture.

ii)  For research and study facts of history.

iv)  To develop tourism industry.

v)  To advertise the country in the world.

Economic importance of the historical sites are listed below:

i)  To earn money from the visitors.

ii)  To increase employment opportunities of the people.

iii)  To increase the revenue of the country.

iv)  To increase export trade.

v)  Today develop handicraft and cottage industry.

3.  You might have made a tour to any historical or archaeological place. What were the objectives and finding of the tour?

Ans:- Last Saturday with the students of Himalaya academy visited Gorkha Durbar. Its objective and finding are as follows:

Objectives

i)  To discover the present situation of Gorkha place.

ii)  To explore the cultural and religious aspects of Gorkha palace.

iii)  To study the geographical facts of Gorkha place.

Findings

After visiting the site we came to know the facts about the Gorkha palace. The Gorkha place lies on the top of the hill which takes about an hour’s walk from the bus park. The place has been partially destroyed by earthquake and the GoN has decided to renovate it completely. Nowadays, road facilities is available nearby the palace. The palace looks an attractive small house build in excellent Nepalese architecture. There are beautifully carved pictures of Hindu gods and goddess around the palace.

As the palace is also known as the kalika temple. It is a famous pilgrimage site of the Hindu and Buddhist people. Every year a big fair is organized in the temple especially during the Chaite Dashain. There are some antique items believed to have been used by Prithvi Narayan Shah. The guardian deity of King Prithvi Narayan Shah Gorakhnath baba’s temple lies nearby the palace. Actually it’s a cave filled with Trisuls  offered by the devotees. There is also a statue of Ram Shah who was famous for justice.

The geographical feature of the palace area and distant surrounding of Gorkha are uneven, Hindi and full of ridges. A panoramic view of the Himalayas can be seen from the upper palace. The lower palace had been developed as a museum. Landslides, gullies and fast following streams are common features in the districts. The developing activities throughout the districts are taking place which help to improve the economic status of the people.

C.  Long Answer Questions

1.  You might have visited any historical place for educational tour. Prepare a report of the visit on the basis of the following subtitles.

i)  Introduction

ii)  Objectives

iii)  Methods of the study

iv)  Findings

v)  Conclusion and recommendation

Ans:- A Research Report On A Historical place: Hanumandhoka, Basantpur

Introduction

One of the most important historical place of Nepal, Basantapur Durbar Square is situated on the heart of Kathmandu city. We, the student of class ten, had conducted a small investigation about the Durbar Square during our study tour.

Objectives of the study

We had conducted this tour and investigation with the following objectives:

i)  To find out the historical facts of the Durbar Square.

ii)  To observe and record the style of the palace and the materials used for the construction.

iii)  To analyze the present condition of the palace.

Methods of study

Data are collected from both primary and secondary sources to achieve our objectives. Under the primary sources, we have employed the following techniques of data collection:

a)  Interview:- During our visit, we interviewed the caretakers and other concerned people of the palace to get the informations about the historical importance and the present condition.

b)  Observation:- We gathered the knowledge about the structure and materials used in the palace through observation.

Books, pamphlets, newspapers, magazines, etc. were used as the secondary source of information.

Findings

We confined ourselves strictly to our objectives and find out the following facts:

During the time of king Mahendra mall (1641-1674 AD), the central part of kantipur city was introduced as the Royal darbar which was also called Hanumandhoka as he placed the image of Hanuman just besides the main gate of the places. The palace was gradually extended at different times by different rulers. Prithvi Narayan Shah had constructed beautiful, artistic and palatial nine-story building in Hanumandhoka palace area. With its construction, Prithvi Narayan Shah shifted his capital from Gorkha to kantipur and declared Kathmandu as the centre of politics and capital city of unified Nepal. The palace had also witnessed many events like Kot parva, the festival of Indrajatra, the adobe of living goddess Kumari and accession to the throne also had to be ritualized from here.

The nine-story building is the main structure surrounded by other minor structures. The buildings are in pagoda style with beautifully carved Windows and doors. The artists and masons of Kirtipur, Kantipur, Bhaktapur and Lalitpur were employed to construct the four corners of the palace. The materials used for the construction were bricks, wood, metals, slate, stone, etc. The structure of the palace was carved with fine artistic of erotic scenes and others.

The Hanumandhoka Durbar Square is enlisted in the World heritage site and is looked after by Kathmandu Metropolitan city. UNESCO is providing aids for its repair and maintenance. The museum preserves the customs and other articles used by royal family of Nepal inside the palace. The Palace is the main attraction of Kathmandu for both domestic and international tourists.

Conclusion and Recommendation:

Hanumandhoka Durbar Square is one of the most important historical and cultural heritage of Nepal. It reflects the art, architecture, history and legacy of Nepalese rulers. So it should be protected and preserve properly. The following measures should be taken to preserve it:

i)  The local people around this heritage site should be made aware about the importance of durbar square to protect it from being encroached.

ii)  It should be renovated and repair time and again.

iii)  This area is the main attraction for both domestic and international tourists. So, local people, Kathmandu Metropolitan City and the government should be pay proper attention for the sanitation of this place.

iv)  Hotels, restaurants, lodges, etc. should be established a bit far from the palace and its surroundings.

v)  Government should mobilize effective security force to protect the valuable things of this palace.

As the palace is the reflection of our glorious history, it should be prevented properly. For this, various concerned organization and people should make effective plan, policy and programmes.

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